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# Sanitary Pad Raw Materials: Key Components and Their Functions

## Introduction

Sanitary pads are essential feminine hygiene products used by millions of women worldwide. Understanding the raw materials that go into their production is crucial for both manufacturers and consumers. These materials not only determine the pad’s effectiveness but also influence comfort, safety, and environmental impact.

## Core Components of Sanitary Pads

### 1. Top Sheet (Cover Stock)

The top sheet is the layer that comes in direct contact with the skin. It’s designed to be soft, comfortable, and quickly absorbent. Common materials include:

– Non-woven fabric: Made from polypropylene or polyethylene fibers
– Perforated film: A plastic film with tiny holes for liquid passage
– Silk-like materials: For premium products offering extra softness

Key functions:
– Provides a dry surface against the skin
– Allows rapid liquid transfer to the absorbent core
– Prevents irritation and chafing

### 2. Absorbent Core

This is the heart of the sanitary pad, responsible for locking away menstrual flow. The core typically consists of:

– Fluff pulp: Wood pulp fibers that provide bulk absorption
– Superabsorbent polymer (SAP): Sodium polyacrylate crystals that can absorb many times their weight in liquid
– Combination of both: Most modern pads use a mix for optimal performance

Absorption capabilities:
– Fluff pulp: Absorbs about 10 times its weight
– SAP: Can absorb 30-60 times its weight
– Combined systems: Offer both rapid absorption and liquid locking

### 3. Back Sheet

The back sheet prevents leakage and keeps moisture from reaching clothing. Materials include:

– Polyethylene film: The most common, affordable option
– Breathable microporous films: Allow vapor transmission while blocking liquids
– Biodegradable options: Made from plant-based materials for eco-friendly products

Important properties:
– Liquid impermeability
– Flexibility for comfort
– Some degree of breathability in premium products

### 4. Adhesive System

The adhesive keeps the pad securely in place in the underwear. It includes:

– Pressure-sensitive adhesive: On the back sheet for attachment to underwear
– Wing adhesives: For securing wings on winged pads
– Release paper: Protects the adhesive before use

Adhesive considerations:
– Strong enough to stay in place
– Gentle enough not to damage fabrics
– Leaves minimal residue after removal

## Additional Components in Modern Pads

### 1. Side Barriers (Leak Guards)

Many modern pads feature raised barriers along the sides to prevent side leakage. These are typically made from:

– Non-woven materials
– Elastic components
– Thermoplastic materials

### 2. Fragrance Components

Some pads include fragrance for odor control:

– Microencapsulated fragrance beads
– Scented layers in the core
– Natural deodorizing agents like activated charcoal

### 3. Wetness Indicators

Particularly in panty liners, these change color when wet:

– pH-sensitive dyes
– Moisture-reactive inks

## Material Innovations and Trends

### 1. Organic and Natural Materials

Growing demand has led to development of:

– Organic cotton topsheets
– Bamboo fiber absorbent cores
– Plant-based back sheets

### 2. Biodegradable Options

Eco-conscious alternatives include:

– PLA (polylactic acid) films from corn starch
– Compostable adhesives
– SAP alternatives from natural polymers

### 3. Antibacterial Treatments

Some pads incorporate:

– Silver nanoparticles
– Chitosan from crustacean shells

– Plant-derived antimicrobials

## Quality and Safety Considerations

### 1. Skin Safety

Materials must be:

– Hypoallergenic
– Free from harmful chemicals
– Dermatologically tested

### 2. Absorbency Standards

Pads are classified by